ARE FINACNIAL MARKETS OF VALUE TO DEVELOPING COUNTRIES - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1124 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Argumentative essay Did you like this example? Operating financial markets in developing countries during the 1990s is a momentous phenomenon. The dramatic increase in the influence of neo-liberal thinking has recently led to reform of the financial market in dozens of develop countries. Many of the financial market reforms that have received so much attention by policy makers, economist and investor dont touch the very poor. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "ARE FINACNIAL MARKETS OF VALUE TO DEVELOPING COUNTRIES?" essay for you Create order To make the poor a part of the process of economies development, institutions that are specifically designed to make small loans to micro enterprises are required. At the same time transition economics are seeking to develop their capital market as well. According to (Blake, 2000) financial market is a place where, or a system through which, securities are created and transferred. Financial market does not have a particular place it takes place, it could also be exchanging of goods between two countries or nation, and could be classified into different categories such as money market, stock market, primary market, Insurance markets etc. Debit crisis encouraged a preference for foreign direct investment instead of debt in developing countries. This complete change of attitudes towards FDI was a revolution in thinking about equity market in developing countries. Earlier most of the developing country equities extremely limited. Most companies in develop countries were public enterpr ises, family business, or part of financial group whose equity share were not publicly traded. But after these debt crises broke out, increase level of foreign capital flow result in well equity market established and high GDP rate in develop countries. Advantage of financial market, is that it functions as intermediary. Intermediaries perform in the creation of risk transformation or risk reduction. The reduction in risk can be achieved by diversifying the lending and by screening of borrowers. This is to create assets for savers and liabilities borrowers which are more attractive to each than would be the case if the parties had to deal with each other directly. Values of financial market in developing countries could be: Maturity transformation is reconciling the desire of lenders and borrowers. Since lenders want liquidity and borrowers want a loan for certain and minimum period, then clearly what lenders are willing to lend has to be transform into something which borrowe rs want. The ability of financial institution to engage in maturity transformation and to supply the other characteristic of liquidity through large number of depositors firm will expect a steady inflow of deposits and a steady outflow of deposit each day. Secondly, the larger the volume of deposits which a firm control the larger the assets it will also holding. Advance in micro finance In develop countries have allowed lenders to manage the risk and cost of lending to very small borrowers who are depends on income from self employment or business ownership, a previously untapped market niche. Foreign exchange constrain The stock market has played an important role in the saving investment process, helping to promote productive activity and therefore sustained growth of the economy. Foreign exchange constrain due to an influx of portfolio investment produced an excess supply of foreign exchange and appreciation of real exchange rate. This increase the domestic demands for tradable and at the same time produced wealth effects on consumption due to the sudden and substantial imprecation of financial and real assets prices. Debt market Debt market is an important to developing country this debt market enable to Government to borrow to finance their activities. Debts market often referred to generically as the bond market, are especially important to economic activities because they enable to government or corporation to borrow to their finance their activities and the bond market where interest rate are determined. The level of interest rate is especially important to financial market, because changes in interest rate have important effects on indivuals, financial institution, business and the overall economy. Transaction cost In the developing countries transactional cost is a major problem. In developing country Majority of people are middle class and middle level income people. Due to absence of financial market knowledge they approach the stoke brokers to invest their hard earned money in financial market. Investor is who purchasing and selling financial instruments behalf of investor. However stock brokers not taking that much interest in middle level income people investment desire because of small size of investor account. It doesnt make spending time on it worthwhile therefore people get disappointed and realise that they will not be able to use financial market to earn a return on their harder earned savings. Hear financial institution play significant role in financial market of developing countries. The economic function of the financial institutions is to help channel saving into profitable use and to help finance capital formation by attracting savings. Exchange Rates The foreign exchange markets are the most active financial markets and since other financial markets (such as equity markets) are increasingly influenced by developments in exchange rate. Such as foreign exchange rates (the price of the countrys currency in term of anothers) are important because they affect the price of domestically produced goods sold abroad and the cost of foreign goods bought domestically. An important impact on exchange rate is it association involving interest rates national and international, example the selling of natural resources from one countries to another (e.g., the selling of natural gas and crude oil from Nigeria to countries like US and Europe). In recent year, many emerging market countries have experienced financial crisis, the most dramatic of which were the Mexican crisis, which started in Dec.1994, and the eastern Asian crisis, which started in July 1997.an important fact is how a developing country can shift dramatically from a path of hig h growth before the financial crisis. As was true for Mexico and particularly East Asian countries of Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia, the Philippines to a sharp decline in economic activities, damaging both economic and social fabric of the country. Because of different institutional features of emerging market countries debt markets, strength in banks balance sheet because of increasing loan losses. When financial markets were deregulated, a lending boom ensued in which bank credit to the non private non financial business sector accelerated sharply. Because of weak supervision by bank regulators and lack of expertise in screening and monitoring borrowers at bank net worth capital. Also the institutional structure of debt market in developing country interacted with the currency devaluation to propel the economic into full fledged financial crises. Because most of the firms in these developing countries had debt denominated in foreign currency like dollar and the yen, depreciation o f their currencies resulted in increases in their indebtedness in domestic currency terms even though the value of the assets remained unchanged. REFRENCES Blake, D., 2000. Financial market analysis, (2nd ed), John Wiley Sons LTD: England.

Mechanisms for Effective and Efficient Airport Cargo Export and Import Operations A Logistics Perspective Free Essay Example, 1250 words

Road- air services involve (road freight services/ RFS) connections where international air transport is connected with domestic road transport linking the hub and feeder airport. In this case, therefore, the road transport section is likened to a programmed air shipment. The consignment is transported using an airway invoice while customs clearance is carried out at the warehouse of the feeder airports’. Through this arrangement, an airfreight carrier can sell its services to airports without landing on those hubs. In the past few years, more airports that focus on cargo as their main business have developed (Johnson, and Bade, 2010). However, most of them are based in Europe especially in the United States. They include FedEx regional hubs, Ohio (Rickenbacker), and UK hub at East Midlands. Designation of an airport as a â€Å"tech stop† Originally, during an aircraft landing there were several activities such as re-fuelling, changing the crews together with receiving catering services without transferring the cargo. The airlines now select tech stops depending on their location along the vital air routes. Airports may contend for this business opportunity by charging attractively for fuels and other provisions, and ensuring their crew accommodations are in order (Croucher, 2007). We will write a custom essay sample on Mechanisms for Effective and Efficient Airport Cargo Export and Import Operations: A Logistics Perspective or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now The airports in the United Arab Emirates were formally tech-stops for the Europe and Asia flights. It later developed to a transshipment point for flights between Asia and North America. Dakar in Senegal is currently a tech stop serving flights between North America and Southern Africa. Storage and scanning facilities The storage of the cargo is a major determinant of the efficiency and effectiveness of import and export operations. Even though air cargo do not remain in the landing field for a long, it is essential to offer storage equipments. Imports and international transshipment cargo need bonded facilities. It is also imperative to provide refrigerators for the perishable cargoes. Outbound cargo is supposed to be inspected and thus it is crucial that the airport make X-ray scanners available. As most of the air cargo is usually of low density, the largest amount of the cargo is placed on racks, if possible in large and well-aerated warehouses. The storage space must be fitted with loading docks on the landside to help in moving the goods from the trucks quickly. Offices close to the warehouses enable the airlines and consignees receive or deliver cargo and prepare necessary shipping papers, and for the clearance of the import and export cargo (Department of the Army, 1992).

Hamlet William Shakespeare s Hamlet - 991 Words

Lucille Cousin November 10, 2014 APLA 12 - Hamlet Character Analysis William Shakespeare’s Hamlet, regarded as one his most famous plays, is based on the story of the Hamlet, the â€Å"Dark† Prince of Denmark. The protagonist, being Hamlet, is an extremely complex man with such a multi-dimensional personality that to this day, critics struggle to understand him. Each reader is left to decide his/her own interpretation of him — whether he is evil and insane, if he’s a tragic hero, or if he is a victim of circumstances beyond his control. A man of radical contradictions, Hamlet’s character remains one of the most ambiguous in American literature. One interpretation is that Hamlet’s inner turmoil is responsible for his insanity. Shattered by†¦show more content†¦As the play unfolds, his deteriorating state-of-mind becomes increasingly noticeable. Once Hamlet has dedicated himself to avenging his father’s death, others find it difficult to understand him. For example, in response to one of Hamletà ¢â‚¬â„¢s comments, Polonius exclaims, â€Å"How pregnant sometimes his replies are!† (II, ii, 226-227). For many, his bursts of intemperate actions such as murdering Polonius in Act 3 is what throws his sanity into question. On the other hand, it is important to consider Hamlet’s philosophical and reflective nature. How is a man as insane as he is able to contemplate difficult situations with such depth? Claiming that Hamlet is insane, therefore, is too easy a justification for his actions. In accord to G. G. Gervinius, Hamlet can also be interpreted as the hero of Denmark who grows increasingly paralyzed by the brutality and corruption that surrounds him. Hamlet, however, is no superman. He has doubts, uncertainties, and is neither perfect nor simple. To take the life of a man only requires the nerve of an assassin, but to avenge the death of a late king and father needs tact, patience, and wisdom. Hamlet knew well that his nation was already preparing to resist an at tack from Norway, so with heroic self-control and selflessness, he avoided doing anything that would encourage the enemy. Moreover, Hamlet was determined to be sure of Claudius’s guilt

Life Has Undergone A Series Of Experiences - 939 Words

In my short stay of about six months in this beautiful country, life has undergone a series of experiences, some good and some not so good. Being an optimistic person I would definitely like to carry forward all the good ones ahead in life but the bad ones also need little introspection. One of the experiences I would like to talk about here is the issue related to finding a job. With so much inflow of people each year in this country finding a job is a tuff call. People usually land up in this country with a number of degrees an years of work experience. One usually starts up with online application to the jobs one finds that he or she could fit in as she has that knowledge and experience which the job demands, but ultimately the e-mail inbox gets filled up with negative responses. The next step the migrants usually take is searching for any odd job with printed CV’s in hand and directly approaching places, that’s where one gets to see the real picture. You are actually denied the job because of your ethnicity or the colour of skin. It was actually surprising encounter in this part of the world. I have experienced that Indians or broadly I can even say Asians are just looked down upon I don’t know for what reasons? Especially when it comes to initial employment opportunities this is the scenario faced by many of us here, so I would actua lly like to elaborate on Racial Discrimination in relation to employment. Migration is in itself a big step in life but it’s not an easyShow MoreRelatedWhat Is Cool? Interpreting the Idea in The Cool Kids by Katy Waldman855 Words   |  3 PagesWhen defining the term â€Å"cool,† what factors do you take into consideration in order to describe what â€Å"cool† is? Do you think of â€Å"cool† regarding popular culture or the type of â€Å"cool† that someone has as a type of characteristic. 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International Banking and Liquidity Risk †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the International Banking and Liquidity Risk. Answer: Introduction In the past days, the number of nations globally has experienced the financial distress of varying degrees of severity informing service process design in the sector of banking. There are no guarantee forms of technological advancements or the improved system of operations leading to the success of consumer adoption (Dinh Pickler 2012, p. 219). The issue arises because the acceptance and intention of customers towards the adoption of advance are very crucial aspects of developing marketing and marketing.the successful propagation of various factors to form the service process design in the retail banking industry can be determinable by potential users of adoption of innovation. However, recent developments in technology have made every retail banking sector to focus on delivering their products and services through various electronic channels to improve their service process design. Various factors play the essential role in the competitive era of the financial company to develop th eir service process correctly (Brennan et al., 2011, p. 22). Therefore, the principal focus of this survey document is to discuss the main issues that affect the service process design in a Retail Banking Industry and considering the five operational performance objectives that affect the operation of making decision associating with the process of design and layouts of the retail banking industry. The most visible indicator that can apply to predict banking crises in the service process model is those that relate directly to the soundness of the retail banking system. There is need of every manager of the retail banking system to ensure the banking change their operations from the future to the past to analyze different factors that influence the choice of a client in picking business retail (Chandra Mandal Bhattacharya 2013, p. 17). The outline of the factors that affect the process of designing services for retail banking industry assists in constructing out some solutions. This research focuses on bringing out these actors, and some extent proposes solutions on how to correct them and in the end develop the ideal operations for retail banking. Several factors affect service process design in the retail bank industry. Some of these factors include the nature of the business, quality of the product, number of trade-offs, view of the marketplace, as well as supply chain dynamics among other factors (Dinh Pickler 2012, p. 207). In most cases, retail bank industry is undergoing dramatic changes in the process of attaining their service design. The changes result because of the ever-changing behaviors of customers, increasing expectations, channel proliferation, disruption, innovative application, along with adoption of advanced technologies, together with the digitalization of business and society in general (Chiou Shen 2012, p. 864). Besides, reductions of costs of operations, increasing top-line revenue, and mitigating risk continues to be the key drivers that influence the service process design in the retail-banking sector. Distribution channel The need to integrate or connect distribution channels by the banking industry to optimize efficiencies is a major factor that influences the service process design in a Retail Banking Industry. The connection of distribution channels aims at reducing costs, serve clients, and prospect in the consistent approach. Therefore, there is always the need to identify the opportunities by focusing on the overall customer life cycle during the formation of service process design (Ngo Vu Nguyen Huan 2016, p. 113). The idea aims at improving experiences of the consumers and thus enables better customer service and experiences. The need to reduce churn and increasing loyalty of customer within the channel of distribution influence the design of service process within the Retail Banking Industry. In many cases, loyalty of retail banking customers tends to fluctuate. The fluctuation results because of the various factors within the distribution channel that will make the clients to seek services or to remove their money from a given retail banking industry (Kaushik Rahman 2016, p. 331). The idea of withdrawal buy customers tends to have an adverse effect on the process of developing service design within the retail-banking sector. Different factors that affect operations of retail banking sector make it tough for the development of duty process model in the financial industry. Dealing with the issue of variability remains to be the greatest challenge in making the service offer profit by developing an improved design for its services (Tan 2016, p. 45). In the service context of developing operations of the retail banking industry, some trade-offs remain to be a challenge that is far more subtle. It is necessary for the management to focus on driving out all variability during their operations. The customer should be responsible for judging the quality of their experience of managers in offering service process design. A different number of trade-offs such as the creation of internet along with mobile banking has consisted of the significant effect on the service process design in retail banking industry. Several traders have commenced to provide modern financial services along with goods to their loyal and tar geted clients (Mei Mei et al., 2013, p. 275). During the service process design within the retail banking system, there is need to understand the link between innovation in the internet, mobile banking, and competition on retail banking markets that is essential in enriching the ideas of financial innovation. Supply chain dynamics Delivery system design variables in retail banking are influenceable by two major decisions. These include the distribution channel that needs to receive the managerial attention as well as the resource. The other factor within the number of trade-offs that influence service process design is the number of different delivery channels that are available for the clients to interface with the retail banking industry. The industrialization of duty process design has found the champion in the research of Tan (2016) that argued that service operations executives ought to stop thinking of service as servitude. The number of trade-offs or delivery options relates to questions that tend to answer the effect produced on the management of the service system by having various distribution channels that coexist within the same regime of the banking sector. The services of the business that comprise of the average industrialization score make the design to be deliverable through the higher number of delivery channels than banking services with either low or high score of industrialization (Valenzuela Cooksey 2014, p. 138). Therefore, the number of trade-offs within the operation of retail banking industry affects service process design. The regulatory barriers in business operations of the retail-banking sector have the huge influence on service process design. The regulatory barrier like business processes remains to be one of the most regulated industries in the economy (Bezbaruah Rajkonwar 2016, p. 179). For instance, regulatory issues within the business processes impose obstacles to the entry on the market by requiring banks to obtain the license from the relevant authority as well as to implement sound management of risk procedures. Such requirements make the process of service process design to make the industry channel huge sum of money that could have been applicable in supporting other operations (Charlesworth et al., 2014, p. 12). The nature of close monitoring of the transactions of the retail banking sector by the manager's aid in improving the development of service process design in the retail banking system. Other factors that result from the nature of business such as cost reduction, customer focus , developing new offerings, segmentation, branch consolidation, single customer review, and the use of digital marketing and services of customers influence design of duty process within the retail banking industry. The focus of reducing costs and managing risks in the operations of retail banking system remains to be the key factors in designing service process as digitalization becomes crucial in the financial sector. The activities of the business that aims at keeping operational costs under control, management of any risk, and realizing cost reduction aid in improving the formation of improved design of service process within the retail banking industry. With the implementation of digital strategies in the business sector of banks, customer experience optimization, review the duties of branches; replacing the legacy system as well as responding to regulatory shifts is essential in developing the design. However, costs together with management of risks continue to be the important factor for all obvious reasons (Mandal Bhattacharya 2016, p. 276). The nature of business continues to shift leading to various effects on the development of service process design within the retail banking industr y. The nature of business of financial sector that involve digitalization, digital disruption, and digital transformation remains to be recognizable as priorities by the retail-banking sector in developing their service process design. Nature of the Product The quality of the product has a huge impact on the design of duty process within the retail banking industry around the world. Decisions used in making the products within the banking sector have the huge impact on the decisions taken during the designing of the process that produce those goods or services. Therefore, nature of product and design of duty process interrelates. For the company to commit to the detailed design of the product or service consideration, need to be accessible to its production (Dincer Hacioglu 2013, p 1076). The design process of services in the retail banking sector can constrain design of services along with products provided to customers. It is possible for the management of the company to separate design of product and process design, but it is beneficial to consider the nature of product and design of service process together because the design of goods remains to have an enormous impact on the costs of making operations of the banking sector to be e fficient. Besides, excellent retain banking industry designs, manage and improve processes, products, and services to develop improved value for the client and other stakeholders. The fantastic designs of organization and management processes optimize the value of stakeholder. In need of implementation of other strategies, the retail bank executives must focus on the further steps and respond to the advanced transformations in the business environment. The use of direct and digital channels can aid in improving the nature of the products offered by the retail banking industry (Imtiaz Ullah 2016, p. 429). Such channels play the fundamental role in retail banking because the company can focus on improving its existing service process design to attract the huge customer base. How operational performance objectives may impact proces of making decision associated with process design as well as layouts Operational objectives form multi-disciplinary field that focuses on managing every aspect of the operations that associates with the process design and layouts of the retail banking industry. The objectives of the performance of operation comprise of the integration of several functions in ideas of making decisions of developing the service process (Hayashi Keeton 2012, p. 13). The operational performance has the purpose of providing the product or service and to sell the product or service according to the service process design. Demand management within the operations of the retail banking industry is influenceable by various factors. All these factors lead to different effects on the process of making decisions that associate with the service process design together with layouts in the financial sector. The objective of operational performance aims at improving the marketing function because of the increasing demand for services of a given retail banking industry. The purpose of managing the request is essential as it aids in communicating the layout and design of the company about organizations products and services to its markets (Batiz-Lazo Smith 2016, p. 57). The idea of focusing on demand of the management by operational performance aids the retail banking industry to generate a request of their customers. The objective of product or service development fiction within the purposes of operational performance is responsible for the creation of advanced and modified services and products to generate requ ests of the customers for service. The idea is essential in ensuring that every organization forms its service process layouts and designs as per the demands of the targeted customers (Chiang 2016, p. 41). Additionally, the objective of operational function by the operational performance remains to be an essential factor for fulfilling the request of the client for service throughout the production and delivery of improved services to customers. Therefore, the objective of operational performance that focuses on the demand management has an essential role in promoting the development of duty process design of the retail banking industry globally. The operational performance of any organization has the objective of configuring the workplace with the improved features. While facility layout for different services may be similar to that for other cooperation, it is also somewhat different as in the case with people working in retailers and warehouses. The relative permanence brought about by the inventory management remains to be one of the essential elements that affect the efficiency of the retail banking sector in developing service process designs and layouts (Beltyukova et al., 2013, p. 231). The management of inventory assists the companys operators to have good stored for their future usage. Such storage aids the operational managers to develop effective service process design for the retail banking industry. Effective inventory management by the executive performers helps in the active development of efficient design and layouts for service operation of the retail banking sector that can reduce unnecessary material handl ing (Cartier 2016, p. 427). The developed plans and designs can also be vital in keeping the costs of operations to be low while maintaining the flow of product throughout the organizational setting. Additionally, managing inventory also assists the retail banking industry during the situations beyond control such as transport strikes and curfew. All these considerations can be essential in helping during the development of well design and layout for the service process within the retailing banking industry within the marketplace. The principal focus of strategic operations is to produce the goods along with services demanded by the customers of the retail banking industry. Therefore, operational performance has the mandate of assisting in implementing the business strategy of the retail banking industry to form an appropriate design and layouts. Forecasting and its roles always depend upon the position in the supply chain that the retail banking sector occupies (Gupta Khanna 2016, p. 65). Forecasting allows the operational managers to focus on the one point of independent demand for the operations of the company. The need arises from the end-user customer of the supply chain, thus allowing the retail-banking sector to focus on the advance process of making improved service process designs and layouts. Besides, the objective of forecasting within the operation performance offers the logical as well as the orderly presentation of organizational forecasting practice and establishment of the clear overview of th e latter. Effects of organization Various effects of functions in the organization affect the layouts and designs of the service process of the retailing banking industry. Some of these effects include the marketing strategies, procurement issues, and supply chain management. However, these results expose the retail-banking sector to face various challenges (Martin 2012, p. 321). The improved marketing strategy by operational performance remains to be an essential component of the overall operations of the business about maximization of the success of the process of production as well as meeting the desires of workers. The procurement within effects functions has the objective of forming the service process layout and design to ensure the smooth flow of work. It also provides the efficient movement of materials for management of operations and information through the improved system that will result in huge revenue to the company. Therefore, the principal purpose of the formation of improved supply chain management i s an essential objective towards the development of efficient service process design within the retail banking industry. Some the factors that determine the service process layout and designs of a retail banking sector allows the business to build or renovate a facility for maximum layout effectiveness (Won et al., 2015, p. 532). Therefore, the criteria for attaining efficient layout include the ideas of easing prospect expansion of alteration, the stream of association, management of materials, and focusing on the production needs. Besides, there is a need for the development of facility layout to consider every objective of operational performance as an essential factor. The consideration must remain to follow constant redesign of the designs as it aid in improving the operations of the retail banking industry. Conclusion Development of efficient service process design in the retail banking industry has remained to be the heart of every banking sector in the marketplace. The research presented on this paperwork points out various factors that are essential in developing service process design in the retail banking industry. Different retail banks need to launch campaigns since the priorities of the clients have proved to be unaware of the advantages that attached to various factors that influence service process designs of the financial sector and its usefulness. Correct implementation of different elements in an efficient manner would help in building the trust as well as the confidence of consumers. There is a need to engage more with customers in the process of identification of critical areas that need an improvement in delivering the banking products. There is a need for the banking industry to develop well-thought-out initiatives to manage both money and talent if prosperity is to be restorable. Therefore, many factors can influence the adoption of different methods of creating service process designs. The information regarding the retail banking industry and its service process design to consumers have a positive impact as well as positive correlation with the adoption of other services like online banking. List of References Batiz-Lazo, B, Smith, A 2016, 'The Industrial Organization of Hong Kong's Progression Toward a Cashless Economy (1960s-2000s)', IEEE Annals of the History of Computing, vol. 38, no. 2, pp. 54-65. Available from: 10.1109/MAHC.2016.15. [10 October 2017]. Beltyukova, EA, Pyankov, VV, Yu., SD 2013, 'RETAIL LENDING EFFECTIVENESS IN RUSSIAN BANKING SYSTEM', Science of Krasnoyarsk / Nauka Krasnoyar'ya, no. 3, pp. 230-238. Bezbaruah, K, Rajkonwar, AB 2016, 'A Review of Key Factors Affecting the Adoption of Self-Service Technologies in Banking with Special Reference to Assam', International Journal of Multidisciplinary Approach Studies, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 173-184. Brennan, M, McGregor, B, Buckland, J 2011, 'The Changing Structure of Inner-city Retail Banking: Examining Bank Branch and Payday Loan Outlet Locations in Winnipeg, 1980-2009', Canadian Journal of Urban Research, vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 1-32. CARTIER, C 2016, 'Model Hong Kong malls and their development in mainland China: consumer iconicity and the trans/national capitalist class', Global Networks, vol. 16, no. 4, pp. 415-436. Available from: 10.1111/glob.12121. [10 October 2017]. Chandra Mandal, P, Bhattacharya, S 2013, 'Customer Satisfaction in Indian Retail Banking: A Grounded Theory Approach', Qualitative Report, vol. 18, no. 28, pp. 1-21. Charlesworth, S, Baird, M, Elliott, S 2014, 'Intersections of regulation, space and gender: retail banking in an Australian Regional Town', Community, Work Family, 17, 1, pp. 1-19, Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost, viewed 10 October 2017. CHIANG, M 2016, 'Sustaining Hong Kong's Services amid the Changing Dynamics of China's Economy', China Perspectives, no. 2, pp. 37-45. Chiou, J, Shen, C 2012, 'The antecedents of online financial service adoption: the impact of physical banking services on Internet banking acceptance', Behaviour Information Technology, vol. 31, no. 9, pp. 859-871. Available from: 10.1080/0144929X.2010.549509. [10 October 2017]. Dincer, H, Hacioglu, U 2013, 'Performance evaluation with fuzzy VIKOR and AHP method based on customer satisfaction in Turkish banking sector', Kybernetes, vol. 42, no. 7, pp. 1072-1085. Available from: 10.1108/K-02-2013-0021. [10 October 2017]. Dinh, V, Pickler, L 2012, 'Examining Service Quality and Customer Satisfaction in the Retail Banking Sector in Vietnam', Journal of Relationship Marketing, vol. 11, no. 4, pp. 199-214. Available from: 10.1080/15332667.2012.741022. [10 October 2017]. Gupta, N, Khanna, VT 2016, 'Customers Demographics Influence on Usage of Retail Banking Channels', Annals of the University Dunarea de Jos of Galati: Fascicle: XVII, Medicine, vol. 22, no. 2, pp. 63-69. Hayashi, F, Keeton, W 2012, 'Measuring the Costs of Retail Payment Methods', Economic Review (01612387), 2, pp. 1-41, Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost, viewed 10 October 2017. Imtiaz, T, Ullah, K 2016, 'Customers' Acceptability of Islamic Banking: Employees' Perspective in Peshawar', Abasyn University Journal Of Social Sciences, 9, pp. 421-434, Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost, viewed 10 October 2017. Kaushik, AK, Rahman, Z 2016, 'Are Street Vendors Really Innovative Toward Self-service Technology?', Information Technology for Development, vol. 22, no. 2, pp. 334-356. Available from: 10.1080/02681102.2015.1052359. [10 October 2017]. Mandal, PC, Bhattacharya, S 2016, 'Postservice Recovery Customer Satisfaction in Indian Retail Banking: Scale Development and Validation', Journal of Asia-Pacific Business, vol. 17, no. 4, pp. 272-292. Available from: 10.1080/10599231.2016.1235952. [10 October 2017]. Martin, I 2012, 'Structuring Information Work: Ferranti and Martins Bank, 1952-1968', Information Culture, 47, 3, pp. 312-339, Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost, viewed 10 October 2017. Mei Mei, L, Cheung, R, Lam, A, Yuen Ting, C 2013, 'Measuring Service Quality in the Banking Industry: A Hong Kong Based Study', Contemporary Management Research, 9, 3, pp. 263-282, Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost, viewed 10 October 2017. Ngo Vu, M, Nguyen Huan, H 2016, 'The Relationship between Service Quality, Customer Satisfaction and Customer Loyalty: An Investigation in Vietnamese Retail Banking Sector', Journal of Competitiveness, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 103-116. Available from: 10.7441/joc.2016.02.08. [10 October 2017]. Tan, T 2016, 'Heading to HONG KONG CHINA for Print Manufacturing', Publishers Weekly, 263, 35, pp. 40-56, Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost, viewed 10 October 2017. Valenzuela, F, Cooksey, R 2014, 'Australian Retail Banking Customers' Perceptions of Time in A Service Recovery Process', Contemporary Management Research, 10, 2, pp. 123-146, Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost, viewed 10 October 2017. Wong, E, Tsang, A, Kong, S 2015, 'International Banking and Liquidity Risk Transmission: Evidence from Hong Kong S.A.R', IMF Economic Review, 63, 3, pp. 515-541, Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost, viewed 10 October 2017.

Health Promotion and Advocacy

Question: Discuss about the Health Promotion and Advocacy. Answer: Introduction Diabetes is a growing concern in Australia since several years. With 1.7 million Australians suffering from Diabetes, and every day 200 people developing this disease, it can be concluded that presently, Diabetes is the fastest growing illness in Australia. Type 2 diabetes is highly significant in Australia, being represented in 85-90% of cases (Malik et al., 2012). It is also known as the epidemic of the 21st century." This report is an outline of type 2 diabetes prevention campaign. The aim of this campaign is to create health-promoting the environment. The report provides the brief overview of type 2 diabetes and health problems associated with it. The first part of the campaign plan deals with health promoting activities that will help change individual behavior. The second part of the campaign plan describes the health promoting activities that aim to uplift the health of indigenous community working in partnership with specific communities such as CALD. The third part of the campaign plan contains an advocacy strategy that will push for a specific change in Australia to prevent type 2 diabetes. Background Diabetes is a chronic condition which is affecting million of people across the world. This metabolic disorder is caused by decline or absence of insulin and high blood sugar level. The common symptoms are unusual thirst, excess weight loss, and frequent urination (Fox et al., 2015). The long-term complications include cardiovascular disease, kidney failure, blindness, and many others. The other risk factors include low physical activity, aging, and family history of type 2 diabetes (Green et al., 2012). In Australia, there are approximately 2 million people diagnosed with diabetes and are at high risk of developing type II diabetes (Swinburn Wood, 2013). According to Malik et al., (2013), in Australia, there are limited prevention programs available for type II diabetes except in Victoria, which is insufficient for mass awareness (Ley et al., 2014). Australia has not taken serious large-scale approaches in the areas of type 2 diabetes prevention. Therefore, through this campaign, it will be easy to make people aware about health promoting activities to manage diabetes. It is the best way to reach community-wide, with all the people taking initiatives. The aim of the campaign is to prevent type 2 diabetes and reduce the growing prevalence rate. The campaign will increase the concern for disease among Australians. The campaign wants to push the government to strive hard to eliminate this serious threat from Australia. This national level campaign will be held at Spring Street, East Melbourne from 24th July to 31st July. The campaign will include health-promoting activities among Australians. Health Assessment- Using the COAG National Reform Agenda, the Australian government developed Type 2 Diabetes Risk Assessment Tool (AUSDRISK). According to a tool, a score above 12 indicates the high risk of type 2 diabetes (Rogers et al., 2014). The tool identifies the high-risk individuals by screening them by age, gender, family history, a level of physical activity and other factors. There will be such assessments and screen throughout this campaign. Individuals with high score must immediately involve in lifestyle modification program. According to Chen et al., (2012), type 2 diabetes can be prevented by implementing structured lifestyle behavior changes. Such changes were proved effective and long lasting in comparison to drug treatment in clinical trials. Healthy lifestyle- The campaign will welcome people to walk for 5Km to spread the message of healthy activities. While "walking" in this campaign, people will carry posters, flags and wear T-shirts printed with health-related messages. It will help to enhance health consciousness among people. People can incorporate regular 30 minutes walking in their daily routine by walking in the morning hours or at lunch or while returning from work. The campaign includes competitions such as food eating- where the participants will have to consume given food in stipulated time. This food is mainly the one essential for type 2 diabetes patients. It will be aware people about the type of diet required to minimize diabetes. Additionally, racing cycling will be other competitions held to spread the message of diabetes prevention. The message for people is to implement exercises and other physical activity in daily life. The message is to make healthy choices by decreasing the demand for sedentary lifestyle and unhealthy food items. People will be informed to intake more energy from fiber intake. However, through this campaign, meditation and yoga will be taught to elderly people who cannot engage in an intense physical activity. Physical activity will improve both the musculoskeletal and cardiovascular fitness (Abbasi et al., 2012). The campaign will be designed in a way to instill in minds of people that prevention in those at high risk is proven, possible and powerful (Gregg et al., 2012). The money generated through this campaign will go towards the Diabetes Australia Research program, which is funding grants on a merit-based process across diabetes research spectrum. These research projects will focus on prevention and cure for diabetes. The campaign includes the voting system, where people with type 1 diabetes will participate in the campaign and vote for the government initiative to fund "national type 2 diabetes prevention programs". These campaign activities will be funded by, Diabetes Australias member organizations. The campaign will support the Aboriginal community by providing health services and making efforts to remove the gap between Indigenous and non-indigenous population in Australia. The aim to reach this community is to help them make healthy lifestyle choices and decrease the prevalence of chronic disease. It was evident from the reports of Johnson et al., (2015) that Aboriginal Australians treat disease as a curse from the God. Therefore, they take no action against their illness. It is necessary to inform them that regular health checkups can prevent major illness. It is necessary to raise awareness among the community people that diabetes is preventable and if early actions are not taken, then heart diseases and kidney failure are inevitable. The partnership with the community and provision of controlled health services will increase the life expectancy. Through this campaign, some indigenous communities who are unable to reach health facilities can be registered free health checku ps. The goal of the partnership is to address the spiritual; physical and cultural wellbeing of the community. The cultural carers educate people about the chronic condition and dangers of having fast food. It provides knowledge on the nutritional value of traditional food. The campaign will encourage people to decrease the exposure of their children to unhealthy food advertisements. It educates women about preparing health and nutritious meal for their children. Health promoting activities that are discussed in the part 1 of the campaign will be taught to the Indigenous communities. It is necessary to promote a transition to a healthier lifestyle. This will enable to prevent chronic illness and enhance the health of patients already suffering from type 2 diabetes. The campaign is committed to providing services to "Aboriginals and Torres Strait Islanders" so that they have equal health outcome as that of non-indigenous Australians. The campaign involves taking feedbacks from Aboriginal diabetic patients to assess the major factor that hinders their treatment process. The plan is to address the contributing factors of indigenous health inequalities. The campaign is aimed to collaborate with National Aboriginal Community Controlled Health Organization Australian Indigenous Doctors Association Indigenous Dentists Association of Australia The campaign plans to provide culturally appropriate care needs to Aboriginal community and provoke the government to built partnership with these services to address health inequality at regional and national level. The campaign will trigger the government to make the national level effort to prevent type 2 diabetes in Australia especially among high-risk individuals. The campaign will address the needs of all the diabetic people by representing their interests. It will advocate the people about the significance of healthy lifestyle by highlighting the seriousness of diabetes and growing prevalence rate. It is essential to increase the community awareness of perceived susceptibility to diabetes. The goal of advocacy is to enhance the community access to quality information and type 2 diabetes preventive services. The strategies for advocacy include addressing the national issues by providing solutions to the diabetics and their families. It also includes identification of needs and working towards improving their quality of life. The strategy is to create commitment by mobilizing the people to become a part of the solution. The general public will become the part of the solution only when it is properly advocated to them that why type 2 diabetes is a chronic disease and the strategy is to support it with data, real life stories, and other evidence s. For this purpose, we have hired a best communicators who are eloquent and convincing. The campaign involves health professionals who are well trained in diabetes prevention program. These professionals will guide people in self-monitoring of Glucose. This campaign will collaborate with Diabetes Australia which is an advocacy organization for diabetes to advocate people on problems relate to insurance inequities, drivers license standards, and workplace discrimination, improper access to pharmaceuticals and another day to day life issues. For this purpose the campaign is also collaborating with the Australian governments and its departments as well as other health and private national bodies. People can approach for advocacy if they feel that they are facing an issue living with diabetes and need immediate action. The campaign intends to create mass awareness including those not yet affected by diabetes. The advocacy program will assist the family members to manage their diabetic members successfully. It will help the people in understanding the disease better and prevent its onset in future. This campaign will address any misconceptions surrounding people regarding the disease management. The campaign intends to lobby the governm ent to improve the standards of care. The campaign will trigger the government to make the national level effort to prevent type 2 diabetes in Australia especially among high-risk individuals. Conclusion Australia has not taken serious large-scale approaches in the areas of type 2 diabetes prevention. It has been nearly ten years since the release of Randomized control trial report, which revealed that type 2 diabetes in high-risk individuals is preventable. Despite this, there is no national action taken by the Australian government. Small or short-term projects will bring little success. A sustained prevention system is required to eradicate this threat completely form the country. The campaign discussed above aims to make the nation healthier and spread the awareness related to adverse consequences of type 2 diabetes. It intends to educate people about the healthy lifestyle. It will drive the community to quit sedentary behavior and embed physical activity and healthy diet in daily routine. The campaign will trigger the government to make the national level effort to prevent type 2 diabetes in Australia especially among high-risk individuals. Through this campaign, it will be easy to reach policymakers and drive them to participate in the challenge. The primary policy goal is to improve disease management and reduce complication rates. There is a need to develop the active surveillance system to identify "at risk individuals." In short, Australia needs prevention-focused environment. References Abbasi, A., Peelen, L. M., Corpeleijn, E., van der Schouw, Y. T., Stolk, R. P., Spijkerman, A. M., ... Beulens, J. W. (2012). Prediction models for risk of developing type 2 diabetes: systematic literature search and independent external validation study. Adler, N. E., Prather, A. A. (2015). The risk for type 2 diabetes mellitus: person, place, and precision prevention.JAMA internal medicine,175(8), 1321-1322. Albright, A. L., Gregg, E. W. (2013). Preventing type 2 diabetes in communities across the US: the National Diabetes Prevention Program.American journal of preventive medicine,44(4), S346-S351. Chen, L., Magliano, D. J., Zimmet, P. Z. (2012). The worldwide epidemiology of type 2 diabetes mellituspresent and future perspectives.Nature Reviews Endocrinology,8(4), 228-236. Dunkley, A. J., Bodicoat, D. H., Greaves, C. J., Russell, C., Yates, T., Davies, M. J., Khunti, K. (2014). Diabetes Prevention in the Real World: Effectiveness of Pragmatic Lifestyle Interventions for the Prevention of Type 2 Diabetes and of the Impact of Adherence to Guideline Recommendations.Diabetes care,37(4), 922-933. Fox, C. S., Golden, S. H., Anderson, C., Bray, G. A., Burke, L. E., De Boer, I. H., ... Inzucchi, S. E. (2015). Update on prevention of cardiovascular disease in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus in light of recent evidence a scientific statement from the American Heart Association and the American Diabetes Association.Circulation,132(8), 691-718. Green, L. W., Brancati, F. L., Albright, A., Primary Prevention of Diabetes Working Group. (2012). Primary prevention of type 2 diabetes: integrative public health and primary care opportunities, challenges and strategies.Family practice,29(suppl 1), i13-i23. Gregg, E. W., Chen, H., Wagenknecht, L. E., Clark, J. M., Delahanty, L. M., Bantle, J., ... Pi-Sunyer, F. X. (2012). Association of an intensive lifestyle intervention with remission of type 2 diabetes.Jama,308(23), 2489-2496. Johnson, G., Martin, J. E., Timoshanko, A. (2015). Preventing type 2 diabetes: scaling up to create a prevention system.Med J Aust,202(1), 24-26. Ley, S. H., Hamdy, O., Mohan, V., Hu, F. B. (2014). Prevention and management of type 2 diabetes: dietary components and nutritional strategies.The Lancet,383(9933), 1999-2007. Malik, V. S., Willett, W. C., Hu, F. B. (2013). Global obesity: trends, risk factors and policy implications.Nature Reviews Endocrinology,9(1), 13-27. Muraki, I., Imamura, F., Manson, J. E., Hu, F. B., Willett, W. C., van Dam, R. M., Sun, Q. (2013). Fruit consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes: results from three prospective longitudinal cohort studies. Rogers, E. A., Fine, S., Handley, M. A., Davis, H., Kass, J., Schillinger, D. (2014). Development and early implementation of The Bigger Picture, a youth-targeted public health literacy campaign to prevent type 2 diabetes.Journal of health communication,19(sup2), 144-160. Swinburn, B., Wood, A. (2013). Progress on obesity prevention over 20 years in Australia and New Zealand.Obesity Reviews,14(S2), 60-68.